22

✏️ Editing: ENGINE_get_prev.3

.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.11 (Pod::Simple 3.35)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
.    ds -- \(*W-
.    ds PI pi
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch
.    ds L" ""
.    ds R" ""
.    ds C` ""
.    ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
.    ds -- \|\(em\|
.    ds PI \(*p
.    ds L" ``
.    ds R" ''
.    ds C`
.    ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el       .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
.    if \nF \{\
.        de IX
.        tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
.        if !\nF==2 \{\
.            nr % 0
.            nr F 2
.        \}
.    \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.
.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds #H 0
.    ds #V .8m
.    ds #F .3m
.    ds #[ \f1
.    ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
.    ds #V .6m
.    ds #F 0
.    ds #[ \&
.    ds #] \&
.\}
.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds ' \&
.    ds ` \&
.    ds ^ \&
.    ds , \&
.    ds ~ ~
.    ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
.    \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
.    ds : e
.    ds 8 ss
.    ds o a
.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
.    ds th \o'bp'
.    ds Th \o'LP'
.    ds ae ae
.    ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "ENGINE_ADD 3"
.TH ENGINE_ADD 3 "2023-09-11" "1.1.1w" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
ENGINE_get_DH, ENGINE_get_DSA, ENGINE_by_id, ENGINE_get_cipher_engine, ENGINE_get_default_DH, ENGINE_get_default_DSA, ENGINE_get_default_RAND, ENGINE_get_default_RSA, ENGINE_get_digest_engine, ENGINE_get_first, ENGINE_get_last, ENGINE_get_next, ENGINE_get_prev, ENGINE_new, ENGINE_get_ciphers, ENGINE_get_ctrl_function, ENGINE_get_digests, ENGINE_get_destroy_function, ENGINE_get_finish_function, ENGINE_get_init_function, ENGINE_get_load_privkey_function, ENGINE_get_load_pubkey_function, ENGINE_load_private_key, ENGINE_load_public_key, ENGINE_get_RAND, ENGINE_get_RSA, ENGINE_get_id, ENGINE_get_name, ENGINE_get_cmd_defns, ENGINE_get_cipher, ENGINE_get_digest, ENGINE_add, ENGINE_cmd_is_executable, ENGINE_ctrl, ENGINE_ctrl_cmd, ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string, ENGINE_finish, ENGINE_free, ENGINE_get_flags, ENGINE_init, ENGINE_register_DH, ENGINE_register_DSA, ENGINE_register_RAND, ENGINE_register_RSA, ENGINE_register_all_complete, ENGINE_register_ciphers, ENGINE_register_complete, ENGINE_register_digests, ENGINE_remove, ENGINE_set_DH, ENGINE_set_DSA, ENGINE_set_RAND, ENGINE_set_RSA, ENGINE_set_ciphers, ENGINE_set_cmd_defns, ENGINE_set_ctrl_function, ENGINE_set_default, ENGINE_set_default_DH, ENGINE_set_default_DSA, ENGINE_set_default_RAND, ENGINE_set_default_RSA, ENGINE_set_default_ciphers, ENGINE_set_default_digests, ENGINE_set_default_string, ENGINE_set_destroy_function, ENGINE_set_digests, ENGINE_set_finish_function, ENGINE_set_flags, ENGINE_set_id, ENGINE_set_init_function, ENGINE_set_load_privkey_function, ENGINE_set_load_pubkey_function, ENGINE_set_name, ENGINE_up_ref, ENGINE_get_table_flags, ENGINE_cleanup, ENGINE_load_builtin_engines, ENGINE_register_all_DH, ENGINE_register_all_DSA, ENGINE_register_all_RAND, ENGINE_register_all_RSA, ENGINE_register_all_ciphers, ENGINE_register_all_digests, ENGINE_set_table_flags, ENGINE_unregister_DH, ENGINE_unregister_DSA, ENGINE_unregister_RAND, ENGINE_unregister_RSA, ENGINE_unregister_ciphers, ENGINE_unregister_digests \&\- ENGINE cryptographic module support
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 1
\& #include <openssl/engine.h>
\&
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_first(void);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_last(void);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_next(ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_prev(ENGINE *e);
\&
\& int ENGINE_add(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_remove(ENGINE *e);
\&
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_by_id(const char *id);
\&
\& int ENGINE_init(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_finish(ENGINE *e);
\&
\& void ENGINE_load_builtin_engines(void);
\&
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_default_RSA(void);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_default_DSA(void);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_default_DH(void);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_default_RAND(void);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_cipher_engine(int nid);
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_get_digest_engine(int nid);
\&
\& int ENGINE_set_default_RSA(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_set_default_DSA(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_set_default_DH(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_set_default_RAND(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_set_default_ciphers(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_set_default_digests(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_set_default_string(ENGINE *e, const char *list);
\&
\& int ENGINE_set_default(ENGINE *e, unsigned int flags);
\&
\& unsigned int ENGINE_get_table_flags(void);
\& void ENGINE_set_table_flags(unsigned int flags);
\&
\& int ENGINE_register_RSA(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_unregister_RSA(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_register_all_RSA(void);
\& int ENGINE_register_DSA(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_unregister_DSA(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_register_all_DSA(void);
\& int ENGINE_register_DH(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_unregister_DH(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_register_all_DH(void);
\& int ENGINE_register_RAND(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_unregister_RAND(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_register_all_RAND(void);
\& int ENGINE_register_ciphers(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_unregister_ciphers(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_register_all_ciphers(void);
\& int ENGINE_register_digests(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_unregister_digests(ENGINE *e);
\& void ENGINE_register_all_digests(void);
\& int ENGINE_register_complete(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_register_all_complete(void);
\&
\& int ENGINE_ctrl(ENGINE *e, int cmd, long i, void *p, void (*f)(void));
\& int ENGINE_cmd_is_executable(ENGINE *e, int cmd);
\& int ENGINE_ctrl_cmd(ENGINE *e, const char *cmd_name,
\&                     long i, void *p, void (*f)(void), int cmd_optional);
\& int ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(ENGINE *e, const char *cmd_name, const char *arg,
\&                            int cmd_optional);
\&
\& ENGINE *ENGINE_new(void);
\& int ENGINE_free(ENGINE *e);
\& int ENGINE_up_ref(ENGINE *e);
\&
\& int ENGINE_set_id(ENGINE *e, const char *id);
\& int ENGINE_set_name(ENGINE *e, const char *name);
\& int ENGINE_set_RSA(ENGINE *e, const RSA_METHOD *rsa_meth);
\& int ENGINE_set_DSA(ENGINE *e, const DSA_METHOD *dsa_meth);
\& int ENGINE_set_DH(ENGINE *e, const DH_METHOD *dh_meth);
\& int ENGINE_set_RAND(ENGINE *e, const RAND_METHOD *rand_meth);
\& int ENGINE_set_destroy_function(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_GEN_INT_FUNC_PTR destroy_f);
\& int ENGINE_set_init_function(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_GEN_INT_FUNC_PTR init_f);
\& int ENGINE_set_finish_function(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_GEN_INT_FUNC_PTR finish_f);
\& int ENGINE_set_ctrl_function(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_CTRL_FUNC_PTR ctrl_f);
\& int ENGINE_set_load_privkey_function(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_LOAD_KEY_PTR loadpriv_f);
\& int ENGINE_set_load_pubkey_function(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_LOAD_KEY_PTR loadpub_f);
\& int ENGINE_set_ciphers(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_CIPHERS_PTR f);
\& int ENGINE_set_digests(ENGINE *e, ENGINE_DIGESTS_PTR f);
\& int ENGINE_set_flags(ENGINE *e, int flags);
\& int ENGINE_set_cmd_defns(ENGINE *e, const ENGINE_CMD_DEFN *defns);
\&
\& const char *ENGINE_get_id(const ENGINE *e);
\& const char *ENGINE_get_name(const ENGINE *e);
\& const RSA_METHOD *ENGINE_get_RSA(const ENGINE *e);
\& const DSA_METHOD *ENGINE_get_DSA(const ENGINE *e);
\& const DH_METHOD *ENGINE_get_DH(const ENGINE *e);
\& const RAND_METHOD *ENGINE_get_RAND(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_GEN_INT_FUNC_PTR ENGINE_get_destroy_function(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_GEN_INT_FUNC_PTR ENGINE_get_init_function(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_GEN_INT_FUNC_PTR ENGINE_get_finish_function(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_CTRL_FUNC_PTR ENGINE_get_ctrl_function(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_LOAD_KEY_PTR ENGINE_get_load_privkey_function(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_LOAD_KEY_PTR ENGINE_get_load_pubkey_function(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_CIPHERS_PTR ENGINE_get_ciphers(const ENGINE *e);
\& ENGINE_DIGESTS_PTR ENGINE_get_digests(const ENGINE *e);
\& const EVP_CIPHER *ENGINE_get_cipher(ENGINE *e, int nid);
\& const EVP_MD *ENGINE_get_digest(ENGINE *e, int nid);
\& int ENGINE_get_flags(const ENGINE *e);
\& const ENGINE_CMD_DEFN *ENGINE_get_cmd_defns(const ENGINE *e);
\&
\& EVP_PKEY *ENGINE_load_private_key(ENGINE *e, const char *key_id,
\&                                   UI_METHOD *ui_method, void *callback_data);
\& EVP_PKEY *ENGINE_load_public_key(ENGINE *e, const char *key_id,
\&                                  UI_METHOD *ui_method, void *callback_data);
.Ve
.PP
Deprecated:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& #if OPENSSL_API_COMPAT < 0x10100000L
\& void ENGINE_cleanup(void)
\& #endif
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
These functions create, manipulate, and use cryptographic modules in the
form of \fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR objects. These objects act as containers for
implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and support a
reference-counted mechanism to allow them to be dynamically loaded in and
out of the running application.
.PP
The cryptographic functionality that can be provided by an \fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR
implementation includes the following abstractions;
.PP
.Vb 6
\& RSA_METHOD \- for providing alternative RSA implementations
\& DSA_METHOD, DH_METHOD, RAND_METHOD, ECDH_METHOD, ECDSA_METHOD,
\&       \- similarly for other OpenSSL APIs
\& EVP_CIPHER \- potentially multiple cipher algorithms (indexed by \*(Aqnid\*(Aq)
\& EVP_DIGEST \- potentially multiple hash algorithms (indexed by \*(Aqnid\*(Aq)
\& key\-loading \- loading public and/or private EVP_PKEY keys
.Ve
.SS "Reference counting and handles"
.IX Subsection "Reference counting and handles"
Due to the modular nature of the \s-1ENGINE API,\s0 pointers to ENGINEs need to be
treated as handles \- i.e. not only as pointers, but also as references to
the underlying \s-1ENGINE\s0 object. Ie. one should obtain a new reference when
making copies of an \s-1ENGINE\s0 pointer if the copies will be used (and
released) independently.
.PP
\&\s-1ENGINE\s0 objects have two levels of reference-counting to match the way in
which the objects are used. At the most basic level, each \s-1ENGINE\s0 pointer is
inherently a \fBstructural\fR reference \- a structural reference is required
to use the pointer value at all, as this kind of reference is a guarantee
that the structure can not be deallocated until the reference is released.
.PP
However, a structural reference provides no guarantee that the \s-1ENGINE\s0 is
initialised and able to use any of its cryptographic
implementations. Indeed it's quite possible that most ENGINEs will not
initialise at all in typical environments, as ENGINEs are typically used to
support specialised hardware. To use an \s-1ENGINE\s0's functionality, you need a
\&\fBfunctional\fR reference. This kind of reference can be considered a
specialised form of structural reference, because each functional reference
implicitly contains a structural reference as well \- however to avoid
difficult-to-find programming bugs, it is recommended to treat the two
kinds of reference independently. If you have a functional reference to an
\&\s-1ENGINE,\s0 you have a guarantee that the \s-1ENGINE\s0 has been initialised and
is ready to perform cryptographic operations, and will remain initialised
until after you have released your reference.
.PP
\&\fIStructural references\fR
.PP
This basic type of reference is used for instantiating new ENGINEs,
iterating across OpenSSL's internal linked-list of loaded
ENGINEs, reading information about an \s-1ENGINE,\s0 etc. Essentially a structural
reference is sufficient if you only need to query or manipulate the data of
an \s-1ENGINE\s0 implementation rather than use its functionality.
.PP
The \fBENGINE_new()\fR function returns a structural reference to a new (empty)
\&\s-1ENGINE\s0 object. There are other \s-1ENGINE API\s0 functions that return structural
references such as; \fBENGINE_by_id()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_first()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_last()\fR,
\&\fBENGINE_get_next()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_prev()\fR. All structural references should be
released by a corresponding to call to the \fBENGINE_free()\fR function \- the
\&\s-1ENGINE\s0 object itself will only actually be cleaned up and deallocated when
the last structural reference is released.
.PP
It should also be noted that many \s-1ENGINE API\s0 function calls that accept a
structural reference will internally obtain another reference \- typically
this happens whenever the supplied \s-1ENGINE\s0 will be needed by OpenSSL after
the function has returned. Eg. the function to add a new \s-1ENGINE\s0 to
OpenSSL's internal list is \fBENGINE_add()\fR \- if this function returns success,
then OpenSSL will have stored a new structural reference internally so the
caller is still responsible for freeing their own reference with
\&\fBENGINE_free()\fR when they are finished with it. In a similar way, some
functions will automatically release the structural reference passed to it
if part of the function's job is to do so. Eg. the \fBENGINE_get_next()\fR and
\&\fBENGINE_get_prev()\fR functions are used for iterating across the internal
\&\s-1ENGINE\s0 list \- they will return a new structural reference to the next (or
previous) \s-1ENGINE\s0 in the list or \s-1NULL\s0 if at the end (or beginning) of the
list, but in either case the structural reference passed to the function is
released on behalf of the caller.
.PP
To clarify a particular function's handling of references, one should
always consult that function's documentation \*(L"man\*(R" page, or failing that
the openssl/engine.h header file includes some hints.
.PP
\&\fIFunctional references\fR
.PP
As mentioned, functional references exist when the cryptographic
functionality of an \s-1ENGINE\s0 is required to be available. A functional
reference can be obtained in one of two ways; from an existing structural
reference to the required \s-1ENGINE,\s0 or by asking OpenSSL for the default
operational \s-1ENGINE\s0 for a given cryptographic purpose.
.PP
To obtain a functional reference from an existing structural reference,
call the \fBENGINE_init()\fR function. This returns zero if the \s-1ENGINE\s0 was not
already operational and couldn't be successfully initialised (e.g. lack of
system drivers, no special hardware attached, etc), otherwise it will
return nonzero to indicate that the \s-1ENGINE\s0 is now operational and will
have allocated a new \fBfunctional\fR reference to the \s-1ENGINE.\s0 All functional
references are released by calling \fBENGINE_finish()\fR (which removes the
implicit structural reference as well).
.PP
The second way to get a functional reference is by asking OpenSSL for a
default implementation for a given task, e.g. by \fBENGINE_get_default_RSA()\fR,
\&\fBENGINE_get_default_cipher_engine()\fR, etc. These are discussed in the next
section, though they are not usually required by application programmers as
they are used automatically when creating and using the relevant
algorithm-specific types in OpenSSL, such as \s-1RSA, DSA, EVP_CIPHER_CTX,\s0 etc.
.SS "Default implementations"
.IX Subsection "Default implementations"
For each supported abstraction, the \s-1ENGINE\s0 code maintains an internal table
of state to control which implementations are available for a given
abstraction and which should be used by default. These implementations are
registered in the tables and indexed by an 'nid' value, because
abstractions like \s-1EVP_CIPHER\s0 and \s-1EVP_DIGEST\s0 support many distinct
algorithms and modes, and ENGINEs can support arbitrarily many of them.
In the case of other abstractions like \s-1RSA, DSA,\s0 etc, there is only one
\&\*(L"algorithm\*(R" so all implementations implicitly register using the same 'nid'
index.
.PP
When a default \s-1ENGINE\s0 is requested for a given abstraction/algorithm/mode, (e.g.
when calling RSA_new_method(\s-1NULL\s0)), a \*(L"get_default\*(R" call will be made to the
\&\s-1ENGINE\s0 subsystem to process the corresponding state table and return a
functional reference to an initialised \s-1ENGINE\s0 whose implementation should be
used. If no \s-1ENGINE\s0 should (or can) be used, it will return \s-1NULL\s0 and the caller
will operate with a \s-1NULL ENGINE\s0 handle \- this usually equates to using the
conventional software implementation. In the latter case, OpenSSL will from
then on behave the way it used to before the \s-1ENGINE API\s0 existed.
.PP
Each state table has a flag to note whether it has processed this
\&\*(L"get_default\*(R" query since the table was last modified, because to process
this question it must iterate across all the registered ENGINEs in the
table trying to initialise each of them in turn, in case one of them is
operational. If it returns a functional reference to an \s-1ENGINE,\s0 it will
also cache another reference to speed up processing future queries (without
needing to iterate across the table). Likewise, it will cache a \s-1NULL\s0
response if no \s-1ENGINE\s0 was available so that future queries won't repeat the
same iteration unless the state table changes. This behaviour can also be
changed; if the \s-1ENGINE_TABLE_FLAG_NOINIT\s0 flag is set (using
\&\fBENGINE_set_table_flags()\fR), no attempted initialisations will take place,
instead the only way for the state table to return a non-NULL \s-1ENGINE\s0 to the
\&\*(L"get_default\*(R" query will be if one is expressly set in the table. Eg.
\&\fBENGINE_set_default_RSA()\fR does the same job as \fBENGINE_register_RSA()\fR except
that it also sets the state table's cached response for the \*(L"get_default\*(R"
query. In the case of abstractions like \s-1EVP_CIPHER,\s0 where implementations are
indexed by 'nid', these flags and cached-responses are distinct for each 'nid'
value.
.SS "Application requirements"
.IX Subsection "Application requirements"
This section will explain the basic things an application programmer should
support to make the most useful elements of the \s-1ENGINE\s0 functionality
available to the user. The first thing to consider is whether the
programmer wishes to make alternative \s-1ENGINE\s0 modules available to the
application and user. OpenSSL maintains an internal linked list of
\&\*(L"visible\*(R" ENGINEs from which it has to operate \- at start-up, this list is
empty and in fact if an application does not call any \s-1ENGINE API\s0 calls and
it uses static linking against openssl, then the resulting application
binary will not contain any alternative \s-1ENGINE\s0 code at all. So the first
consideration is whether any/all available \s-1ENGINE\s0 implementations should be
made visible to OpenSSL \- this is controlled by calling the various \*(L"load\*(R"
functions.
.PP
The fact that ENGINEs are made visible to OpenSSL (and thus are linked into
the program and loaded into memory at run-time) does not mean they are
\&\*(L"registered\*(R" or called into use by OpenSSL automatically \- that behaviour
is something for the application to control. Some applications
will want to allow the user to specify exactly which \s-1ENGINE\s0 they want used
if any is to be used at all. Others may prefer to load all support and have
OpenSSL automatically use at run-time any \s-1ENGINE\s0 that is able to
successfully initialise \- i.e. to assume that this corresponds to
acceleration hardware attached to the machine or some such thing. There are
probably numerous other ways in which applications may prefer to handle
things, so we will simply illustrate the consequences as they apply to a
couple of simple cases and leave developers to consider these and the
source code to openssl's builtin utilities as guides.
.PP
If no \s-1ENGINE API\s0 functions are called within an application, then OpenSSL
will not allocate any internal resources.  Prior to OpenSSL 1.1.0, however,
if any ENGINEs are loaded, even if not registered or used, it was necessary to
call \fBENGINE_cleanup()\fR before the program exits.
.PP
\&\fIUsing a specific \s-1ENGINE\s0 implementation\fR
.PP
Here we'll assume an application has been configured by its user or admin
to want to use the \*(L"\s-1ACME\*(R" ENGINE\s0 if it is available in the version of
OpenSSL the application was compiled with. If it is available, it should be
used by default for all \s-1RSA, DSA,\s0 and symmetric cipher operations, otherwise
OpenSSL should use its builtin software as per usual. The following code
illustrates how to approach this;
.PP
.Vb 10
\& ENGINE *e;
\& const char *engine_id = "ACME";
\& ENGINE_load_builtin_engines();
\& e = ENGINE_by_id(engine_id);
\& if (!e)
\&     /* the engine isn\*(Aqt available */
\&     return;
\& if (!ENGINE_init(e)) {
\&     /* the engine couldn\*(Aqt initialise, release \*(Aqe\*(Aq */
\&     ENGINE_free(e);
\&     return;
\& }
\& if (!ENGINE_set_default_RSA(e))
\&     /*
\&      * This should only happen when \*(Aqe\*(Aq can\*(Aqt initialise, but the previous
\&      * statement suggests it did.
\&      */
\&     abort();
\& ENGINE_set_default_DSA(e);
\& ENGINE_set_default_ciphers(e);
\& /* Release the functional reference from ENGINE_init() */
\& ENGINE_finish(e);
\& /* Release the structural reference from ENGINE_by_id() */
\& ENGINE_free(e);
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIAutomatically using builtin \s-1ENGINE\s0 implementations\fR
.PP
Here we'll assume we want to load and register all \s-1ENGINE\s0 implementations
bundled with OpenSSL, such that for any cryptographic algorithm required by
OpenSSL \- if there is an \s-1ENGINE\s0 that implements it and can be initialised,
it should be used. The following code illustrates how this can work;
.PP
.Vb 4
\& /* Load all bundled ENGINEs into memory and make them visible */
\& ENGINE_load_builtin_engines();
\& /* Register all of them for every algorithm they collectively implement */
\& ENGINE_register_all_complete();
.Ve
.PP
That's all that's required. Eg. the next time OpenSSL tries to set up an
\&\s-1RSA\s0 key, any bundled ENGINEs that implement \s-1RSA_METHOD\s0 will be passed to
\&\fBENGINE_init()\fR and if any of those succeed, that \s-1ENGINE\s0 will be set as the
default for \s-1RSA\s0 use from then on.
.SS "Advanced configuration support"
.IX Subsection "Advanced configuration support"
There is a mechanism supported by the \s-1ENGINE\s0 framework that allows each
\&\s-1ENGINE\s0 implementation to define an arbitrary set of configuration
\&\*(L"commands\*(R" and expose them to OpenSSL and any applications based on
OpenSSL. This mechanism is entirely based on the use of name-value pairs
and assumes \s-1ASCII\s0 input (no unicode or \s-1UTF\s0 for now!), so it is ideal if
applications want to provide a transparent way for users to provide
arbitrary configuration \*(L"directives\*(R" directly to such ENGINEs. It is also
possible for the application to dynamically interrogate the loaded \s-1ENGINE\s0
implementations for the names, descriptions, and input flags of their
available \*(L"control commands\*(R", providing a more flexible configuration
scheme. However, if the user is expected to know which \s-1ENGINE\s0 device he/she
is using (in the case of specialised hardware, this goes without saying)
then applications may not need to concern themselves with discovering the
supported control commands and simply prefer to pass settings into ENGINEs
exactly as they are provided by the user.
.PP
Before illustrating how control commands work, it is worth mentioning what
they are typically used for. Broadly speaking there are two uses for
control commands; the first is to provide the necessary details to the
implementation (which may know nothing at all specific to the host system)
so that it can be initialised for use. This could include the path to any
driver or config files it needs to load, required network addresses,
smart-card identifiers, passwords to initialise protected devices,
logging information, etc etc. This class of commands typically needs to be
passed to an \s-1ENGINE\s0 \fBbefore\fR attempting to initialise it, i.e. before
calling \fBENGINE_init()\fR. The other class of commands consist of settings or
operations that tweak certain behaviour or cause certain operations to take
place, and these commands may work either before or after \fBENGINE_init()\fR, or
in some cases both. \s-1ENGINE\s0 implementations should provide indications of
this in the descriptions attached to builtin control commands and/or in
external product documentation.
.PP
\&\fIIssuing control commands to an \s-1ENGINE\s0\fR
.PP
Let's illustrate by example; a function for which the caller supplies the
name of the \s-1ENGINE\s0 it wishes to use, a table of string-pairs for use before
initialisation, and another table for use after initialisation. Note that
the string-pairs used for control commands consist of a command \*(L"name\*(R"
followed by the command \*(L"parameter\*(R" \- the parameter could be \s-1NULL\s0 in some
cases but the name can not. This function should initialise the \s-1ENGINE\s0
(issuing the \*(L"pre\*(R" commands beforehand and the \*(L"post\*(R" commands afterwards)
and set it as the default for everything except \s-1RAND\s0 and then return a
boolean success or failure.
.PP
.Vb 10
\& int generic_load_engine_fn(const char *engine_id,
\&                            const char **pre_cmds, int pre_num,
\&                            const char **post_cmds, int post_num)
\& {
\&     ENGINE *e = ENGINE_by_id(engine_id);
\&     if (!e) return 0;
\&     while (pre_num\-\-) {
\&         if (!ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, pre_cmds[0], pre_cmds[1], 0)) {
\&             fprintf(stderr, "Failed command (%s \- %s:%s)\en", engine_id,
\&                     pre_cmds[0], pre_cmds[1] ? pre_cmds[1] : "(NULL)");
\&             ENGINE_free(e);
\&             return 0;
\&         }
\&         pre_cmds += 2;
\&     }
\&     if (!ENGINE_init(e)) {
\&         fprintf(stderr, "Failed initialisation\en");
\&         ENGINE_free(e);
\&         return 0;
\&     }
\&     /*
\&      * ENGINE_init() returned a functional reference, so free the structural
\&      * reference from ENGINE_by_id().
\&      */
\&     ENGINE_free(e);
\&     while (post_num\-\-) {
\&         if (!ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, post_cmds[0], post_cmds[1], 0)) {
\&             fprintf(stderr, "Failed command (%s \- %s:%s)\en", engine_id,
\&                     post_cmds[0], post_cmds[1] ? post_cmds[1] : "(NULL)");
\&             ENGINE_finish(e);
\&             return 0;
\&         }
\&         post_cmds += 2;
\&     }
\&     ENGINE_set_default(e, ENGINE_METHOD_ALL & ~ENGINE_METHOD_RAND);
\&     /* Success */
\&     return 1;
\& }
.Ve
.PP
Note that \fBENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string()\fR accepts a boolean argument that can
relax the semantics of the function \- if set nonzero it will only return
failure if the \s-1ENGINE\s0 supported the given command name but failed while
executing it, if the \s-1ENGINE\s0 doesn't support the command name it will simply
return success without doing anything. In this case we assume the user is
only supplying commands specific to the given \s-1ENGINE\s0 so we set this to
\&\s-1FALSE.\s0
.PP
\&\fIDiscovering supported control commands\fR
.PP
It is possible to discover at run-time the names, numerical-ids, descriptions
and input parameters of the control commands supported by an \s-1ENGINE\s0 using a
structural reference. Note that some control commands are defined by OpenSSL
itself and it will intercept and handle these control commands on behalf of the
\&\s-1ENGINE,\s0 i.e. the \s-1ENGINE\s0's \fBctrl()\fR handler is not used for the control command.
openssl/engine.h defines an index, \s-1ENGINE_CMD_BASE,\s0 that all control commands
implemented by ENGINEs should be numbered from. Any command value lower than
this symbol is considered a \*(L"generic\*(R" command is handled directly by the
OpenSSL core routines.
.PP
It is using these \*(L"core\*(R" control commands that one can discover the control
commands implemented by a given \s-1ENGINE,\s0 specifically the commands:
.PP
.Vb 9
\& ENGINE_HAS_CTRL_FUNCTION
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_FIRST_CMD_TYPE
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_NEXT_CMD_TYPE
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_CMD_FROM_NAME
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_NAME_LEN_FROM_CMD
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_NAME_FROM_CMD
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_DESC_LEN_FROM_CMD
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_DESC_FROM_CMD
\& ENGINE_CTRL_GET_CMD_FLAGS
.Ve
.PP
Whilst these commands are automatically processed by the OpenSSL framework code,
they use various properties exposed by each \s-1ENGINE\s0 to process these
queries. An \s-1ENGINE\s0 has 3 properties it exposes that can affect how this behaves;
it can supply a \fBctrl()\fR handler, it can specify \s-1ENGINE_FLAGS_MANUAL_CMD_CTRL\s0 in
the \s-1ENGINE\s0's flags, and it can expose an array of control command descriptions.
If an \s-1ENGINE\s0 specifies the \s-1ENGINE_FLAGS_MANUAL_CMD_CTRL\s0 flag, then it will
simply pass all these \*(L"core\*(R" control commands directly to the \s-1ENGINE\s0's \fBctrl()\fR
handler (and thus, it must have supplied one), so it is up to the \s-1ENGINE\s0 to
reply to these \*(L"discovery\*(R" commands itself. If that flag is not set, then the
OpenSSL framework code will work with the following rules:
.PP
.Vb 9
\& if no ctrl() handler supplied;
\&     ENGINE_HAS_CTRL_FUNCTION returns FALSE (zero),
\&     all other commands fail.
\& if a ctrl() handler was supplied but no array of control commands;
\&     ENGINE_HAS_CTRL_FUNCTION returns TRUE,
\&     all other commands fail.
\& if a ctrl() handler and array of control commands was supplied;
\&     ENGINE_HAS_CTRL_FUNCTION returns TRUE,
\&     all other commands proceed processing ...
.Ve
.PP
If the \s-1ENGINE\s0's array of control commands is empty then all other commands will
fail, otherwise; \s-1ENGINE_CTRL_GET_FIRST_CMD_TYPE\s0 returns the identifier of
the first command supported by the \s-1ENGINE, ENGINE_GET_NEXT_CMD_TYPE\s0 takes the
identifier of a command supported by the \s-1ENGINE\s0 and returns the next command
identifier or fails if there are no more, \s-1ENGINE_CMD_FROM_NAME\s0 takes a string
name for a command and returns the corresponding identifier or fails if no such
command name exists, and the remaining commands take a command identifier and
return properties of the corresponding commands. All except
\&\s-1ENGINE_CTRL_GET_FLAGS\s0 return the string length of a command name or description,
or populate a supplied character buffer with a copy of the command name or
description. \s-1ENGINE_CTRL_GET_FLAGS\s0 returns a bitwise-OR'd mask of the following
possible values:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_NUMERIC
\& ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_STRING
\& ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_NO_INPUT
\& ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_INTERNAL
.Ve
.PP
If the \s-1ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_INTERNAL\s0 flag is set, then any other flags are purely
informational to the caller \- this flag will prevent the command being usable
for any higher-level \s-1ENGINE\s0 functions such as \fBENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string()\fR.
\&\*(L"\s-1INTERNAL\*(R"\s0 commands are not intended to be exposed to text-based configuration
by applications, administrations, users, etc. These can support arbitrary
operations via \fBENGINE_ctrl()\fR, including passing to and/or from the control
commands data of any arbitrary type. These commands are supported in the
discovery mechanisms simply to allow applications to determine if an \s-1ENGINE\s0
supports certain specific commands it might want to use (e.g. application \*(L"foo\*(R"
might query various ENGINEs to see if they implement \*(L"\s-1FOO_GET_VENDOR_LOGO_GIF\*(R"\s0 \-
and \s-1ENGINE\s0 could therefore decide whether or not to support this \*(L"foo\*(R"\-specific
extension).
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
.IP "\fB\s-1OPENSSL_ENGINES\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "OPENSSL_ENGINES"
The path to the engines directory.
Ignored in set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.
.SH "RETURN VALUES"
.IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
\&\fBENGINE_get_first()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_last()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_next()\fR and \fBENGINE_get_prev()\fR
return a valid \fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR structure or \s-1NULL\s0 if an error occurred.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_add()\fR and \fBENGINE_remove()\fR return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_by_id()\fR returns a valid \fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR structure or \s-1NULL\s0 if an error occurred.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_init()\fR and \fBENGINE_finish()\fR return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
All \fBENGINE_get_default_TYPE()\fR functions, \fBENGINE_get_cipher_engine()\fR and
\&\fBENGINE_get_digest_engine()\fR return a valid \fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR structure on success or \s-1NULL\s0
if an error occurred.
.PP
All \fBENGINE_set_default_TYPE()\fR functions return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_set_default()\fR returns 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_table_flags()\fR returns an unsigned integer value representing the
global table flags which are used to control the registration behaviour of
\&\fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR implementations.
.PP
All \fBENGINE_register_TYPE()\fR functions return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_register_complete()\fR and \fBENGINE_register_all_complete()\fR always return 1.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_ctrl()\fR returns a positive value on success or others on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_cmd_is_executable()\fR returns 1 if \fBcmd\fR is executable or 0 otherwise.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_ctrl_cmd()\fR and \fBENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string()\fR return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_new()\fR returns a valid \fB\s-1ENGINE\s0\fR structure on success or \s-1NULL\s0 if an error
occurred.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_free()\fR always returns 1.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_up_ref()\fR returns 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_set_id()\fR and \fBENGINE_set_name()\fR return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
All other \fBENGINE_set_*\fR functions return 1 on success or 0 on error.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_id()\fR and \fBENGINE_get_name()\fR return a string representing the identifier
and the name of the \s-1ENGINE\s0 \fBe\fR respectively.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_RSA()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_DSA()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_DH()\fR and \fBENGINE_get_RAND()\fR
return corresponding method structures for each algorithms.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_destroy_function()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_init_function()\fR,
\&\fBENGINE_get_finish_function()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_ctrl_function()\fR,
\&\fBENGINE_get_load_privkey_function()\fR, \fBENGINE_get_load_pubkey_function()\fR,
\&\fBENGINE_get_ciphers()\fR and \fBENGINE_get_digests()\fR return corresponding function
pointers of the callbacks.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_cipher()\fR returns a valid \fB\s-1EVP_CIPHER\s0\fR structure on success or \s-1NULL\s0
if an error occurred.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_digest()\fR returns a valid \fB\s-1EVP_MD\s0\fR structure on success or \s-1NULL\s0 if an
error occurred.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_flags()\fR returns an integer representing the \s-1ENGINE\s0 flags which are
used to control various behaviours of an \s-1ENGINE.\s0
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_get_cmd_defns()\fR returns an \fB\s-1ENGINE_CMD_DEFN\s0\fR structure or \s-1NULL\s0 if it's
not set.
.PP
\&\fBENGINE_load_private_key()\fR and \fBENGINE_load_public_key()\fR return a valid \fB\s-1EVP_PKEY\s0\fR
structure on success or \s-1NULL\s0 if an error occurred.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBOPENSSL_init_crypto\fR\|(3), \fBRSA_new_method\fR\|(3), \fBDSA_new\fR\|(3), \fBDH_new\fR\|(3),
\&\fBRAND_bytes\fR\|(3), \fBconfig\fR\|(5)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
\&\fBENGINE_cleanup()\fR was deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0 by the automatic cleanup
done by \fBOPENSSL_cleanup()\fR
and should not be used.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2002\-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R").  You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

MR SKB