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✏️ Editing: d2i_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING.3

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "D2I_X509 3"
.TH D2I_X509 3 "2023-09-11" "1.1.1w" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
d2i_ACCESS_DESCRIPTION, d2i_ADMISSIONS, d2i_ADMISSION_SYNTAX, d2i_ASIdOrRange, d2i_ASIdentifierChoice, d2i_ASIdentifiers, d2i_ASN1_BIT_STRING, d2i_ASN1_BMPSTRING, d2i_ASN1_ENUMERATED, d2i_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME, d2i_ASN1_GENERALSTRING, d2i_ASN1_IA5STRING, d2i_ASN1_INTEGER, d2i_ASN1_NULL, d2i_ASN1_OBJECT, d2i_ASN1_OCTET_STRING, d2i_ASN1_PRINTABLE, d2i_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING, d2i_ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY, d2i_ASN1_SET_ANY, d2i_ASN1_T61STRING, d2i_ASN1_TIME, d2i_ASN1_TYPE, d2i_ASN1_UINTEGER, d2i_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING, d2i_ASN1_UTCTIME, d2i_ASN1_UTF8STRING, d2i_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING, d2i_ASRange, d2i_AUTHORITY_INFO_ACCESS, d2i_AUTHORITY_KEYID, d2i_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS, d2i_CERTIFICATEPOLICIES, d2i_CMS_ContentInfo, d2i_CMS_ReceiptRequest, d2i_CMS_bio, d2i_CRL_DIST_POINTS, d2i_DHxparams, d2i_DIRECTORYSTRING, d2i_DISPLAYTEXT, d2i_DIST_POINT, d2i_DIST_POINT_NAME, d2i_DSAPrivateKey, d2i_DSAPrivateKey_bio, d2i_DSAPrivateKey_fp, d2i_DSAPublicKey, d2i_DSA_PUBKEY, d2i_DSA_PUBKEY_bio, d2i_DSA_PUBKEY_fp, d2i_DSA_SIG, d2i_DSAparams, d2i_ECDSA_SIG, d2i_ECPKParameters, d2i_ECParameters, d2i_ECPrivateKey, d2i_ECPrivateKey_bio, d2i_ECPrivateKey_fp, d2i_EC_PUBKEY, d2i_EC_PUBKEY_bio, d2i_EC_PUBKEY_fp, d2i_EDIPARTYNAME, d2i_ESS_CERT_ID, d2i_ESS_ISSUER_SERIAL, d2i_ESS_SIGNING_CERT, d2i_EXTENDED_KEY_USAGE, d2i_GENERAL_NAME, d2i_GENERAL_NAMES, d2i_IPAddressChoice, d2i_IPAddressFamily, d2i_IPAddressOrRange, d2i_IPAddressRange, d2i_ISSUING_DIST_POINT, d2i_NAMING_AUTHORITY, d2i_NETSCAPE_CERT_SEQUENCE, d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKAC, d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI, d2i_NOTICEREF, d2i_OCSP_BASICRESP, d2i_OCSP_CERTID, d2i_OCSP_CERTSTATUS, d2i_OCSP_CRLID, d2i_OCSP_ONEREQ, d2i_OCSP_REQINFO, d2i_OCSP_REQUEST, d2i_OCSP_RESPBYTES, d2i_OCSP_RESPDATA, d2i_OCSP_RESPID, d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE, d2i_OCSP_REVOKEDINFO, d2i_OCSP_SERVICELOC, d2i_OCSP_SIGNATURE, d2i_OCSP_SINGLERESP, d2i_OTHERNAME, d2i_PBE2PARAM, d2i_PBEPARAM, d2i_PBKDF2PARAM, d2i_PKCS12, d2i_PKCS12_BAGS, d2i_PKCS12_MAC_DATA, d2i_PKCS12_SAFEBAG, d2i_PKCS12_bio, d2i_PKCS12_fp, d2i_PKCS7, d2i_PKCS7_DIGEST, d2i_PKCS7_ENCRYPT, d2i_PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT, d2i_PKCS7_ENVELOPE, d2i_PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL, d2i_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO, d2i_PKCS7_SIGNED, d2i_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO, d2i_PKCS7_SIGN_ENVELOPE, d2i_PKCS7_bio, d2i_PKCS7_fp, d2i_PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO, d2i_PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO_bio, d2i_PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO_fp, d2i_PKCS8_bio, d2i_PKCS8_fp, d2i_PKEY_USAGE_PERIOD, d2i_POLICYINFO, d2i_POLICYQUALINFO, d2i_PROFESSION_INFO, d2i_PROXY_CERT_INFO_EXTENSION, d2i_PROXY_POLICY, d2i_RSAPrivateKey, d2i_RSAPrivateKey_bio, d2i_RSAPrivateKey_fp, d2i_RSAPublicKey, d2i_RSAPublicKey_bio, d2i_RSAPublicKey_fp, d2i_RSA_OAEP_PARAMS, d2i_RSA_PSS_PARAMS, d2i_RSA_PUBKEY, d2i_RSA_PUBKEY_bio, d2i_RSA_PUBKEY_fp, d2i_SCRYPT_PARAMS, d2i_SCT_LIST, d2i_SXNET, d2i_SXNETID, d2i_TS_ACCURACY, d2i_TS_MSG_IMPRINT, d2i_TS_MSG_IMPRINT_bio, d2i_TS_MSG_IMPRINT_fp, d2i_TS_REQ, d2i_TS_REQ_bio, d2i_TS_REQ_fp, d2i_TS_RESP, d2i_TS_RESP_bio, d2i_TS_RESP_fp, d2i_TS_STATUS_INFO, d2i_TS_TST_INFO, d2i_TS_TST_INFO_bio, d2i_TS_TST_INFO_fp, d2i_USERNOTICE, d2i_X509, d2i_X509_bio, d2i_X509_fp, d2i_X509_ALGOR, d2i_X509_ALGORS, d2i_X509_ATTRIBUTE, d2i_X509_CERT_AUX, d2i_X509_CINF, d2i_X509_CRL, d2i_X509_CRL_INFO, d2i_X509_CRL_bio, d2i_X509_CRL_fp, d2i_X509_EXTENSION, d2i_X509_EXTENSIONS, d2i_X509_NAME, d2i_X509_NAME_ENTRY, d2i_X509_PUBKEY, d2i_X509_REQ, d2i_X509_REQ_INFO, d2i_X509_REQ_bio, d2i_X509_REQ_fp, d2i_X509_REVOKED, d2i_X509_SIG, d2i_X509_VAL, i2d_ACCESS_DESCRIPTION, i2d_ADMISSIONS, i2d_ADMISSION_SYNTAX, i2d_ASIdOrRange, i2d_ASIdentifierChoice, i2d_ASIdentifiers, i2d_ASN1_BIT_STRING, i2d_ASN1_BMPSTRING, i2d_ASN1_ENUMERATED, i2d_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME, i2d_ASN1_GENERALSTRING, i2d_ASN1_IA5STRING, i2d_ASN1_INTEGER, i2d_ASN1_NULL, i2d_ASN1_OBJECT, i2d_ASN1_OCTET_STRING, i2d_ASN1_PRINTABLE, i2d_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING, i2d_ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY, i2d_ASN1_SET_ANY, i2d_ASN1_T61STRING, i2d_ASN1_TIME, i2d_ASN1_TYPE, i2d_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING, i2d_ASN1_UTCTIME, i2d_ASN1_UTF8STRING, i2d_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING, i2d_ASN1_bio_stream, i2d_ASRange, i2d_AUTHORITY_INFO_ACCESS, i2d_AUTHORITY_KEYID, i2d_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS, i2d_CERTIFICATEPOLICIES, i2d_CMS_ContentInfo, i2d_CMS_ReceiptRequest, i2d_CMS_bio, i2d_CRL_DIST_POINTS, i2d_DHxparams, i2d_DIRECTORYSTRING, i2d_DISPLAYTEXT, i2d_DIST_POINT, i2d_DIST_POINT_NAME, i2d_DSAPrivateKey, i2d_DSAPrivateKey_bio, i2d_DSAPrivateKey_fp, i2d_DSAPublicKey, i2d_DSA_PUBKEY, i2d_DSA_PUBKEY_bio, i2d_DSA_PUBKEY_fp, i2d_DSA_SIG, i2d_DSAparams, i2d_ECDSA_SIG, i2d_ECPKParameters, i2d_ECParameters, i2d_ECPrivateKey, i2d_ECPrivateKey_bio, i2d_ECPrivateKey_fp, i2d_EC_PUBKEY, i2d_EC_PUBKEY_bio, i2d_EC_PUBKEY_fp, i2d_EDIPARTYNAME, i2d_ESS_CERT_ID, i2d_ESS_ISSUER_SERIAL, i2d_ESS_SIGNING_CERT, i2d_EXTENDED_KEY_USAGE, i2d_GENERAL_NAME, i2d_GENERAL_NAMES, i2d_IPAddressChoice, i2d_IPAddressFamily, i2d_IPAddressOrRange, i2d_IPAddressRange, i2d_ISSUING_DIST_POINT, i2d_NAMING_AUTHORITY, i2d_NETSCAPE_CERT_SEQUENCE, i2d_NETSCAPE_SPKAC, i2d_NETSCAPE_SPKI, i2d_NOTICEREF, i2d_OCSP_BASICRESP, i2d_OCSP_CERTID, i2d_OCSP_CERTSTATUS, i2d_OCSP_CRLID, i2d_OCSP_ONEREQ, i2d_OCSP_REQINFO, i2d_OCSP_REQUEST, i2d_OCSP_RESPBYTES, i2d_OCSP_RESPDATA, i2d_OCSP_RESPID, i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE, i2d_OCSP_REVOKEDINFO, i2d_OCSP_SERVICELOC, i2d_OCSP_SIGNATURE, i2d_OCSP_SINGLERESP, i2d_OTHERNAME, i2d_PBE2PARAM, i2d_PBEPARAM, i2d_PBKDF2PARAM, i2d_PKCS12, i2d_PKCS12_BAGS, i2d_PKCS12_MAC_DATA, i2d_PKCS12_SAFEBAG, i2d_PKCS12_bio, i2d_PKCS12_fp, i2d_PKCS7, i2d_PKCS7_DIGEST, i2d_PKCS7_ENCRYPT, i2d_PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT, i2d_PKCS7_ENVELOPE, i2d_PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL, i2d_PKCS7_NDEF, i2d_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO, i2d_PKCS7_SIGNED, i2d_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO, i2d_PKCS7_SIGN_ENVELOPE, i2d_PKCS7_bio, i2d_PKCS7_fp, i2d_PKCS8PrivateKeyInfo_bio, i2d_PKCS8PrivateKeyInfo_fp, i2d_PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO, i2d_PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO_bio, i2d_PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO_fp, i2d_PKCS8_bio, i2d_PKCS8_fp, i2d_PKEY_USAGE_PERIOD, i2d_POLICYINFO, i2d_POLICYQUALINFO, i2d_PROFESSION_INFO, i2d_PROXY_CERT_INFO_EXTENSION, i2d_PROXY_POLICY, i2d_RSAPrivateKey, i2d_RSAPrivateKey_bio, i2d_RSAPrivateKey_fp, i2d_RSAPublicKey, i2d_RSAPublicKey_bio, i2d_RSAPublicKey_fp, i2d_RSA_OAEP_PARAMS, i2d_RSA_PSS_PARAMS, i2d_RSA_PUBKEY, i2d_RSA_PUBKEY_bio, i2d_RSA_PUBKEY_fp, i2d_SCRYPT_PARAMS, i2d_SCT_LIST, i2d_SXNET, i2d_SXNETID, i2d_TS_ACCURACY, i2d_TS_MSG_IMPRINT, i2d_TS_MSG_IMPRINT_bio, i2d_TS_MSG_IMPRINT_fp, i2d_TS_REQ, i2d_TS_REQ_bio, i2d_TS_REQ_fp, i2d_TS_RESP, i2d_TS_RESP_bio, i2d_TS_RESP_fp, i2d_TS_STATUS_INFO, i2d_TS_TST_INFO, i2d_TS_TST_INFO_bio, i2d_TS_TST_INFO_fp, i2d_USERNOTICE, i2d_X509, i2d_X509_bio, i2d_X509_fp, i2d_X509_ALGOR, i2d_X509_ALGORS, i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE, i2d_X509_CERT_AUX, i2d_X509_CINF, i2d_X509_CRL, i2d_X509_CRL_INFO, i2d_X509_CRL_bio, i2d_X509_CRL_fp, i2d_X509_EXTENSION, i2d_X509_EXTENSIONS, i2d_X509_NAME, i2d_X509_NAME_ENTRY, i2d_X509_PUBKEY, i2d_X509_REQ, i2d_X509_REQ_INFO, i2d_X509_REQ_bio, i2d_X509_REQ_fp, i2d_X509_REVOKED, i2d_X509_SIG, i2d_X509_VAL, \&\- convert objects from/to ASN.1/DER representation
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 3
\& TYPE *d2i_TYPE(TYPE **a, const unsigned char **ppin, long length);
\& TYPE *d2i_TYPE_bio(BIO *bp, TYPE **a);
\& TYPE *d2i_TYPE_fp(FILE *fp, TYPE **a);
\&
\& int i2d_TYPE(TYPE *a, unsigned char **ppout);
\& int i2d_TYPE_fp(FILE *fp, TYPE *a);
\& int i2d_TYPE_bio(BIO *bp, TYPE *a);
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
In the description here, \fI\s-1TYPE\s0\fR is used a placeholder
for any of the OpenSSL datatypes, such as \fIX509_CRL\fR.
The function parameters \fIppin\fR and \fIppout\fR are generally
either both named \fIpp\fR in the headers, or \fIin\fR and \fIout\fR.
.PP
These functions convert OpenSSL objects to and from their \s-1ASN.1/DER\s0
encoding.  Unlike the C structures which can have pointers to sub-objects
within, the \s-1DER\s0 is a serialized encoding, suitable for sending over the
network, writing to a file, and so on.
.PP
\&\fBd2i_TYPE()\fR attempts to decode \fBlen\fR bytes at \fB*ppin\fR. If successful a
pointer to the \fB\s-1TYPE\s0\fR structure is returned and \fB*ppin\fR is incremented to
the byte following the parsed data.  If \fBa\fR is not \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR then a pointer
to the returned structure is also written to \fB*a\fR.  If an error occurred
then \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR is returned.
.PP
On a successful return, if \fB*a\fR is not \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR then it is assumed that \fB*a\fR
contains a valid \fB\s-1TYPE\s0\fR structure and an attempt is made to reuse it. This
\&\*(L"reuse\*(R" capability is present for historical compatibility but its use is
\&\fBstrongly discouraged\fR (see \s-1BUGS\s0 below, and the discussion in the \s-1RETURN
VALUES\s0 section).
.PP
\&\fBd2i_TYPE_bio()\fR is similar to \fBd2i_TYPE()\fR except it attempts
to parse data from \s-1BIO\s0 \fBbp\fR.
.PP
\&\fBd2i_TYPE_fp()\fR is similar to \fBd2i_TYPE()\fR except it attempts
to parse data from \s-1FILE\s0 pointer \fBfp\fR.
.PP
\&\fBi2d_TYPE()\fR encodes the structure pointed to by \fBa\fR into \s-1DER\s0 format.
If \fBppout\fR is not \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR, it writes the \s-1DER\s0 encoded data to the buffer
at \fB*ppout\fR, and increments it to point after the data just written.
If the return value is negative an error occurred, otherwise it
returns the length of the encoded data.
.PP
If \fB*ppout\fR is \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR memory will be allocated for a buffer and the encoded
data written to it. In this case \fB*ppout\fR is not incremented and it points
to the start of the data just written.
.PP
\&\fBi2d_TYPE_bio()\fR is similar to \fBi2d_TYPE()\fR except it writes
the encoding of the structure \fBa\fR to \s-1BIO\s0 \fBbp\fR and it
returns 1 for success and 0 for failure.
.PP
\&\fBi2d_TYPE_fp()\fR is similar to \fBi2d_TYPE()\fR except it writes
the encoding of the structure \fBa\fR to \s-1BIO\s0 \fBbp\fR and it
returns 1 for success and 0 for failure.
.PP
These routines do not encrypt private keys and therefore offer no
security; use \fBPEM_write_PrivateKey\fR\|(3) or similar for writing to files.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The letters \fBi\fR and \fBd\fR in \fBi2d_TYPE\fR stand for
\&\*(L"internal\*(R" (that is, an internal C structure) and \*(L"\s-1DER\*(R"\s0 respectively.
So \fBi2d_TYPE\fR converts from internal to \s-1DER.\s0
.PP
The functions can also understand \fB\s-1BER\s0\fR forms.
.PP
The actual \s-1TYPE\s0 structure passed to \fBi2d_TYPE()\fR must be a valid
populated \fB\s-1TYPE\s0\fR structure \*(-- it \fBcannot\fR simply be fed with an
empty structure such as that returned by \fBTYPE_new()\fR.
.PP
The encoded data is in binary form and may contain embedded zeros.
Therefore, any \s-1FILE\s0 pointers or BIOs should be opened in binary mode.
Functions such as \fBstrlen()\fR will \fBnot\fR return the correct length
of the encoded structure.
.PP
The ways that \fB*ppin\fR and \fB*ppout\fR are incremented after the operation
can trap the unwary. See the \fB\s-1WARNINGS\s0\fR section for some common
errors.
The reason for this-auto increment behaviour is to reflect a typical
usage of \s-1ASN1\s0 functions: after one structure is encoded or decoded
another will be processed after it.
.PP
The following points about the data types might be useful:
.IP "\fB\s-1ASN1_OBJECT\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "ASN1_OBJECT"
Represents an \s-1ASN1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER.\s0
.IP "\fBDHparams\fR" 4
.IX Item "DHparams"
Represents a PKCS#3 \s-1DH\s0 parameters structure.
.IP "\fBDHxparams\fR" 4
.IX Item "DHxparams"
Represents an \s-1ANSI X9.42 DH\s0 parameters structure.
.IP "\fB\s-1DSA_PUBKEY\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "DSA_PUBKEY"
Represents a \s-1DSA\s0 public key using a \fBSubjectPublicKeyInfo\fR structure.
.IP "\fBDSAPublicKey, DSAPrivateKey\fR" 4
.IX Item "DSAPublicKey, DSAPrivateKey"
Use a non-standard OpenSSL format and should be avoided; use \fB\s-1DSA_PUBKEY\s0\fR,
\&\fB\fBPEM_write_PrivateKey\fB\|(3)\fR, or similar instead.
.IP "\fB\s-1ECDSA_SIG\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "ECDSA_SIG"
Represents an \s-1ECDSA\s0 signature.
.IP "\fBRSAPublicKey\fR" 4
.IX Item "RSAPublicKey"
Represents a PKCS#1 \s-1RSA\s0 public key structure.
.IP "\fBX509_ALGOR\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_ALGOR"
Represents an \fBAlgorithmIdentifier\fR structure as used in \s-1IETF RFC 6960\s0 and
elsewhere.
.IP "\fBX509_Name\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_Name"
Represents a \fBName\fR type as used for subject and issuer names in
\&\s-1IETF RFC 6960\s0 and elsewhere.
.IP "\fBX509_REQ\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_REQ"
Represents a PKCS#10 certificate request.
.IP "\fBX509_SIG\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_SIG"
Represents the \fBDigestInfo\fR structure defined in PKCS#1 and PKCS#7.
.SH "RETURN VALUES"
.IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
\&\fBd2i_TYPE()\fR, \fBd2i_TYPE_bio()\fR and \fBd2i_TYPE_fp()\fR return a valid \fB\s-1TYPE\s0\fR structure
or \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR if an error occurs.  If the \*(L"reuse\*(R" capability has been used with
a valid structure being passed in via \fBa\fR, then the object is freed in
the event of error and \fB*a\fR is set to \s-1NULL.\s0
.PP
\&\fBi2d_TYPE()\fR returns the number of bytes successfully encoded or a negative
value if an error occurs.
.PP
\&\fBi2d_TYPE_bio()\fR and \fBi2d_TYPE_fp()\fR return 1 for success and 0 if an error
occurs.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Allocate and encode the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of an X509 structure:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& int len;
\& unsigned char *buf;
\&
\& buf = NULL;
\& len = i2d_X509(x, &buf);
\& if (len < 0)
\&     /* error */
.Ve
.PP
Attempt to decode a buffer:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& X509 *x;
\& unsigned char *buf;
\& const unsigned char *p;
\& int len;
\&
\& /* Set up buf and len to point to the input buffer. */
\& p = buf;
\& x = d2i_X509(NULL, &p, len);
\& if (x == NULL)
\&     /* error */
.Ve
.PP
Alternative technique:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& X509 *x;
\& unsigned char *buf;
\& const unsigned char *p;
\& int len;
\&
\& /* Set up buf and len to point to the input buffer. */
\& p = buf;
\& x = NULL;
\&
\& if (d2i_X509(&x, &p, len) == NULL)
\&     /* error */
.Ve
.SH "WARNINGS"
.IX Header "WARNINGS"
Using a temporary variable is mandatory. A common
mistake is to attempt to use a buffer directly as follows:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& int len;
\& unsigned char *buf;
\&
\& len = i2d_X509(x, NULL);
\& buf = OPENSSL_malloc(len);
\& ...
\& i2d_X509(x, &buf);
\& ...
\& OPENSSL_free(buf);
.Ve
.PP
This code will result in \fBbuf\fR apparently containing garbage because
it was incremented after the call to point after the data just written.
Also \fBbuf\fR will no longer contain the pointer allocated by \fBOPENSSL_malloc()\fR
and the subsequent call to \fBOPENSSL_free()\fR is likely to crash.
.PP
Another trap to avoid is misuse of the \fBa\fR argument to \fBd2i_TYPE()\fR:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& X509 *x;
\&
\& if (d2i_X509(&x, &p, len) == NULL)
\&     /* error */
.Ve
.PP
This will probably crash somewhere in \fBd2i_X509()\fR. The reason for this
is that the variable \fBx\fR is uninitialized and an attempt will be made to
interpret its (invalid) value as an \fBX509\fR structure, typically causing
a segmentation violation. If \fBx\fR is set to \s-1NULL\s0 first then this will not
happen.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
In some versions of OpenSSL the \*(L"reuse\*(R" behaviour of \fBd2i_TYPE()\fR when
\&\fB*a\fR is valid is broken and some parts of the reused structure may
persist if they are not present in the new one. Additionally, in versions of
OpenSSL prior to 1.1.0, when the \*(L"reuse\*(R" behaviour is used and an error occurs
the behaviour is inconsistent. Some functions behaved as described here, while
some did not free \fB*a\fR on error and did not set \fB*a\fR to \s-1NULL.\s0
.PP
As a result of the above issues the \*(L"reuse\*(R" behaviour is strongly discouraged.
.PP
\&\fBi2d_TYPE()\fR will not return an error in many versions of OpenSSL,
if mandatory fields are not initialized due to a programming error
then the encoded structure may contain invalid data or omit the
fields entirely and will not be parsed by \fBd2i_TYPE()\fR. This may be
fixed in future so code should not assume that \fBi2d_TYPE()\fR will
always succeed.
.PP
Any function which encodes a structure (\fBi2d_TYPE()\fR,
\&\fBi2d_TYPE()\fR or \fBi2d_TYPE()\fR) may return a stale encoding if the
structure has been modified after deserialization or previous
serialization. This is because some objects cache the encoding for
efficiency reasons.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 1998\-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R").  You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

MR SKB