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✏️ Editing: perlnewmod.pod

=head1 NAME

perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This document gives you some suggestions about how to go about writing
Perl modules, preparing them for distribution, and making them available
via CPAN.

One of the things that makes Perl really powerful is the fact that Perl
hackers tend to want to share the solutions to problems they've faced,
so you and I don't have to battle with the same problem again.

The main way they do this is by abstracting the solution into a Perl
module. If you don't know what one of these is, the rest of this
document isn't going to be much use to you. You're also missing out on
an awful lot of useful code; consider having a look at L<perlmod>,
L<perlmodlib> and L<perlmodinstall> before coming back here.

When you've found that there isn't a module available for what you're
trying to do, and you've had to write the code yourself, consider
packaging up the solution into a module and uploading it to CPAN so that
others can benefit.

You should also take a look at L<perlmodstyle> for best practices in
making a module.

=head2 Warning

We're going to primarily concentrate on Perl-only modules here, rather
than XS modules. XS modules serve a rather different purpose, and
you should consider different things before distributing them - the
popularity of the library you are gluing, the portability to other
operating systems, and so on. However, the notes on preparing the Perl
side of the module and packaging and distributing it will apply equally
well to an XS module as a pure-Perl one.

=head2 What should I make into a module?

You should make a module out of any code that you think is going to be
useful to others. Anything that's likely to fill a hole in the communal
library and which someone else can slot directly into their program. Any
part of your code which you can isolate and extract and plug into
something else is a likely candidate.

Let's take an example. Suppose you're reading in data from a local
format into a hash-of-hashes in Perl, turning that into a tree, walking
the tree and then piping each node to an Acme Transmogrifier Server.

Now, quite a few people have the Acme Transmogrifier, and you've had to
write something to talk the protocol from scratch - you'd almost
certainly want to make that into a module. The level at which you pitch
it is up to you: you might want protocol-level modules analogous to
L<Net::SMTP|Net::SMTP> which then talk to higher level modules analogous
to L<Mail::Send|Mail::Send>. The choice is yours, but you do want to get
a module out for that server protocol.

Nobody else on the planet is going to talk your local data format, so we
can ignore that. But what about the thing in the middle? Building tree
structures from Perl variables and then traversing them is a nice,
general problem, and if nobody's already written a module that does
that, you might want to modularise that code too.

So hopefully you've now got a few ideas about what's good to modularise.
Let's now see how it's done.

=head2 Step-by-step: Preparing the ground

Before we even start scraping out the code, there are a few things we'll
want to do in advance.

=over 3

=item Look around

Dig into a bunch of modules to see how they're written. I'd suggest
starting with L<Text::Tabs|Text::Tabs>, since it's in the standard
library and is nice and simple, and then looking at something a little
more complex like L<File::Copy|File::Copy>.  For object oriented
code, L<WWW::Mechanize> or the C<Email::*> modules provide some good
examples.

These should give you an overall feel for how modules are laid out and
written.

=item Check it's new

There are a lot of modules on CPAN, and it's easy to miss one that's
similar to what you're planning on contributing. Have a good plough
through L<http://metacpan.org> and make sure you're not the one
reinventing the wheel!

=item Discuss the need

You might love it. You might feel that everyone else needs it. But there
might not actually be any real demand for it out there. If you're unsure
about the demand your module will have, consider asking the
C<module-authors@perl.org> mailing list (send an email to
C<module-authors-subscribe@perl.org> to subscribe; see
L<http://lists.perl.org/list/module-authors.html> for more information
and a link to the archives).

=item Choose a name

Perl modules included on CPAN have a naming hierarchy you should try to
fit in with. See L<perlmodlib> for more details on how this works, and
browse around CPAN and the modules list to get a feel of it. At the very
least, remember this: modules should be title capitalised, (This::Thing)
fit in with a category, and explain their purpose succinctly.

=item Check again

While you're doing that, make really sure you haven't missed a module
similar to the one you're about to write.

When you've got your name sorted out and you're sure that your module is
wanted and not currently available, it's time to start coding.

=back

=head2 Step-by-step: Making the module

=over 3

=item Start with F<module-starter> or F<h2xs>

The F<module-starter> utility is distributed as part of the
L<Module::Starter|Module::Starter> CPAN package.  It creates a directory
with stubs of all the necessary files to start a new module, according
to recent "best practice" for module development, and is invoked from
the command line, thus:

module-starter --module=Foo::Bar \
       --author="Your Name" --email=yourname@cpan.org

If you do not wish to install the L<Module::Starter|Module::Starter>
package from CPAN, F<h2xs> is an older tool, originally intended for the
development of XS modules, which comes packaged with the Perl
distribution.

A typical invocation of L<h2xs|h2xs> for a pure Perl module is:

h2xs -AX --skip-exporter --use-new-tests -n Foo::Bar

The C<-A> omits the Autoloader code, C<-X> omits XS elements,
C<--skip-exporter> omits the Exporter code, C<--use-new-tests> sets up a
modern testing environment, and C<-n> specifies the name of the module.

=item Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>

A module's code has to be warning and strict-clean, since you can't
guarantee the conditions that it'll be used under. Besides, you wouldn't
want to distribute code that wasn't warning or strict-clean anyway,
right?

=item Use L<Carp|Carp>

The L<Carp|Carp> module allows you to present your error messages from
the caller's perspective; this gives you a way to signal a problem with
the caller and not your module. For instance, if you say this:

warn "No hostname given";

the user will see something like this:

No hostname given at
 /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/Net/Acme.pm line 123.

which looks like your module is doing something wrong. Instead, you want
to put the blame on the user, and say this:

No hostname given at bad_code, line 10.

You do this by using L<Carp|Carp> and replacing your C<warn>s with
C<carp>s. If you need to C<die>, say C<croak> instead. However, keep
C<warn> and C<die> in place for your sanity checks - where it really is
your module at fault.

=item Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!

L<Exporter|Exporter> gives you a standard way of exporting symbols and
subroutines from your module into the caller's namespace. For instance,
saying C<use Net::Acme qw(&frob)> would import the C<frob> subroutine.

The package variable C<@EXPORT> will determine which symbols will get
exported when the caller simply says C<use Net::Acme> - you will hardly
ever want to put anything in there. C<@EXPORT_OK>, on the other hand,
specifies which symbols you're willing to export. If you do want to
export a bunch of symbols, use the C<%EXPORT_TAGS> and define a standard
export set - look at L<Exporter> for more details.

=item Use L<plain old documentation|perlpod>

The work isn't over until the paperwork is done, and you're going to
need to put in some time writing some documentation for your module.
C<module-starter> or C<h2xs> will provide a stub for you to fill in; if
you're not sure about the format, look at L<perlpod> for an
introduction. Provide a good synopsis of how your module is used in
code, a description, and then notes on the syntax and function of the
individual subroutines or methods. Use Perl comments for developer notes
and POD for end-user notes.

=item Write tests

You're encouraged to create self-tests for your module to ensure it's
working as intended on the myriad platforms Perl supports; if you upload
your module to CPAN, a host of testers will build your module and send
you the results of the tests. Again, C<module-starter> and C<h2xs>
provide a test framework which you can extend - you should do something
more than just checking your module will compile.
L<Test::Simple|Test::Simple> and L<Test::More|Test::More> are good
places to start when writing a test suite.

=item Write the F<README>

If you're uploading to CPAN, the automated gremlins will extract the
README file and place that in your CPAN directory. It'll also appear in
the main F<by-module> and F<by-category> directories if you make it onto
the modules list. It's a good idea to put here what the module actually
does in detail.

=item Write F<Changes>

Add any user-visible changes since the last release to your F<Changes>
file.

=back

=head2 Step-by-step: Distributing your module

=over 3

=item Get a CPAN user ID

Every developer publishing modules on CPAN needs a CPAN ID.  Visit
C<L<http://pause.perl.org/>>, select "Request PAUSE Account", and wait for
your request to be approved by the PAUSE administrators.

=item C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make distcheck; make dist>

Once again, C<module-starter> or C<h2xs> has done all the work for you.
They produce the standard C<Makefile.PL> you see when you download and
install modules, and this produces a Makefile with a C<dist> target.

Once you've ensured that your module passes its own tests - always a
good thing to make sure - you can C<make distcheck> to make sure
everything looks OK, followed by C<make dist>, and the Makefile will
hopefully produce you a nice tarball of your module, ready for upload.

=item Upload the tarball

The email you got when you received your CPAN ID will tell you how to
log in to PAUSE, the Perl Authors Upload SErver. From the menus there,
you can upload your module to CPAN.

Alternatively you can use the F<cpan-upload> script, part of the
L<CPAN::Uploader> distribution on CPAN.

=item Fix bugs!

Once you start accumulating users, they'll send you bug reports. If
you're lucky, they'll even send you patches. Welcome to the joys of
maintaining a software project...

=back

=head1 AUTHOR

Simon Cozens, C<simon@cpan.org>

Updated by Kirrily "Skud" Robert, C<skud@cpan.org>

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, L<perlmodinstall>, L<h2xs>, L<strict>,
L<Carp>, L<Exporter>, L<perlpod>, L<Test::Simple>, L<Test::More>
L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>, L<Module::Build>, L<Module::Starter>
L<http://www.cpan.org/>, Ken Williams' tutorial on building your own
module at L<http://mathforum.org/~ken/perl_modules.html>

MR SKB